New ’Building Material’ Points Toward Quantum Computers

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A Danish-American research team has shown that it is possible to produce ‘Majorana particles’ in a new ‘building material.’ The research, led by scientists from Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, paves the road for new types of experiments - and at the same time represents an important contribution to the construction of the information circuits of tomorrow.

Ever since Ettore Majorana – legendary and mythical Italian physicist – back in 1937 suggested the existence of a particle that is also its own anti-particle, scientists have been searching for the ‘Majorana particle’, as it is has come to be known.

This far the search has been to no avail

A team of scientists from Center for Quantum Devices at Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) and from Purdue University, USA, have – however – recently contributed to the advancement of Majorana research.

Not by finding the elusive particle itself, but by figuring out how to produce a material in which electrons behave in accordance with the theoretical predictions for Majorana particles.

The results of the research project are published in this week issue of the scientific journal Physical Review Letters.

No charge

An anti-particle is an elementary particle – identical to its ‘counterpart’, but with opposite electrical charge. As seen in the relationship between negatively charged electrons and positively charged positrons.

If a particle is also its own anti-particle – which, given it does indeed exist, will be the case with a Majorana particle – it will therefore have no charge at all.

The properties that, according to Ettore Majorana´s calculations, will characterize a Majorana particle do for a number of reasons fascinate scientists. Obviously because such properties ‘packaged’ in one particle will represent new experimental possibilities. But also because Majorana-properties are thought to be useful when scientists are e.g. attempting to construct quantum computers – i.e. the information circuits of tomorrow that will have the capacity to process data loads far, far heavier than those dealt with by our present super computers.

All over the world scientists are trying to design quantum computers.

It’s a race - Center for Quantum Devices at NBI is one of the contestants – and assistant professor Fabrizio Nichele and professor Charles Marcus, both representing the NBI-center, have been in charge of the Danish-American research project.

“The condensed version is that it is possible to produce a material in which electrons behave like Majorana particles, as our experiments suggest – and that it is possible to produce this material by means of techniques rather similar to those used today when manufacturing computer circuits. On top of that we have shown how this material enables us to measure properties of Majorana particles never measured before – and carry out these measurements with great precision”, explains Fabrizio Nichele.

Laptop design

Two ultra thin sheets – combined in a ‘sandwich’ - are at the center of the Danish-American discovery, and it all has to do with producing a material based on this ‘sandwich’.

The bottom layer of the ‘sandwich’ is made out of indium arsenide, a semiconductor, and the top layer is made out of aluminium, a superconductor. And the ‘sandwich’ sits on top of a so called wafer, one of the building blocks used in modern computer technology.

If you carve out a nano wire from this ‘sandwich’-layer it is possible to create a state where electrons inside the wire display Majorana-properties – and the theory behind this approach has in part been known since 2010, says Fabrizio Nichele:

“However, until now there has been a major problem because it was necessary to ‘grow’ the nano wire in special machines in a lab – and the wire was, literally, only available in the form of minute ‘hair-like’ straws. In order to build e.g. a chip based on this material, you therefore had to assemble an almost unfathomable number of single straws – which made it really difficult and very challenging to construct circuits this way”.

And this is exactly where the Danish-American discovery comes in very handily, explains Fabrizio Nichele: “We are now able to design the nano wire on a laptop – and include the details we go for. Further down the road production capacity will no doubt increase - which will allow us to use this technique in order to construct computers of significant size”.

Signature of a Majorana particle, shown on a screen. "The horizontal stripe in the center of the figure shows that a zero energy particle appears in a magnetic field in our devices - as expected for a Majorana particle", explains Fabrizio Nichele.

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