One Device, Many Frequencies

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It’s one thing for humans to lose track of time, but what happens when our clocks do? In an increasingly networked world, devices need to be more punctual than ever. To keep them running as we expect, they depend on an army of tiny, vibrating components.

Image Caption: This scanning electron micrograph shows a microelectromechanical resonator. The resonator consists of three single crystal silicon beams clamped at both ends. The center of the beams are connected to two comb drives for actuation and motion transduction. The fundamental vibration of the beam is in the plane of the comb drives. However, at higher frequencies, the resonator can move with a twisting motion around the center beams. When these two vibrational motions interact, a periodic motion can be induced whose spectrum consists of a multitude of frequencies with equal spacing, comprising a frequency comb. This image was taken using an FEI Nova 600 Nanolab scanning electron microscope at the Center for Nanoscale Materials. (Image by Argonne National Laboratory.)

A finding from a team led by scientists at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) user facility at Argonne National Laboratory, could ultimately help improve such components in a range of electronics and even create devices that mimic biological processes. The researchers have pioneered a micromechanical device that responds to external signals in an entirely new way compared to conventional ones. Their work, conducted by a team spanning five institutions including Argonne, was recently published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

“The novelty here is if you excite this resonator device in the right way, the structure vibrates with a spectrum consisting of multiple frequencies evenly spaced, in spite of the fact that it is driven by a single frequency.” — Daniel Lopez, group leader for the Center for Nanoscale Materials’ Nanofabrication and Devices group.

A typical resonator in an electronic device responds to one signal with one corresponding frequency. In wristwatches, for example, a quartz resonator vibrates at a specific frequency when a certain voltage is applied, and that vibration marks the time. But a multitasking network of devices might require responses at more than one frequency, and that’s where things get tricky.

“For every device running at a specific frequency, you need a timing source,” said CNM nanoscientist Dave Czaplewski, the paper’s lead author. ​“Having multiple devices running at multiple frequencies makes the system much more complex.”

While a common approach to this problem involves multiple resonators, multiple signals or both, the researchers created a single, microsize resonator that can generate multiple frequencies from one signal. This set of frequencies is called a frequency comb, so named for the way the frequencies appear evenly spaced, like teeth, when plotted on a graph. 

“The novelty here is if you excite this resonator device in the right way, the structure vibrates with a spectrum consisting of multiple frequencies evenly spaced, in spite of the fact that it is driven by a single frequency,” said Daniel Lopez, group leader for CNM’s Nanofabrication and Devices group and a co-author of the paper. ​“Instead of fabricating a specific oscillator for each device, you could fabricate a single oscillator that can produce a signal at all the different frequencies needed.”

The research was conducted partly at the CNM, where researchers designed the resonator and used electrical characterization techniques to measure its responses. The silicon device, which is no bigger than a few grains of salt laid end to end, anchors three beams that move together in two vibrations: a side-to-side swaying motion and a twisting motion. The researchers used this duality to generate the frequency comb.

 “We use the interplay between those two vibrations to obtain this frequency response that ends up looking like a frequency comb,” Czaplewski said.

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