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What happens when the rule book is no longer useful, or worse, was never written in the first place? In today’s fast-moving electronics landscape, we’re increasingly asked to design and build what has no precedent, no proven path, and no tidy checklist to follow. This is where “Design for Invention” begins.
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From the growing role of AI in design tools to the challenge of managing cumulative tolerances, these articles in this issue examine the technical details, design choices, and manufacturing considerations that determine whether a board works as intended.
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I-Connect007 Magazine previews APEX EXPO 2026, covering everything from the show floor to the technical conference. For PCB designers, we move past the dreaded auto-router and spotlight AI design tools that actually matter.
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Isola’s Halogen-Free Materials Highlight PCB Production at IPC APEX EXPO 2023
January 13, 2023 | Isola GroupEstimated reading time: 2 minutes
Isola Group, one of the world’s leading developers and suppliers of copper-clad laminates and prepreg materials for printed circuit boards (PCBs), will be inviting visitors to the 2023 IPC APEX EXPO to learn more about its low-loss circuit materials. Isola’s material experts will offer guidance on its latest halogen-free TerraGreen® 400G series of circuit materials for halogen-free PCBs. The 2023 APEX EXPO Conference & Exhibition is scheduled for January 24-26, 2023 in the San Diego Convention Center (San Diego, CA) with additional 2023 APEX EXPO meetings set for January 21-26, 2023 in the same locale.
Visitors to Booth 127 of the 2023 IPC APEX EXPO can learn more about designing and manufacturing high-frequency RF/microwave and high-speed digital circuits in excess of 100 Gb/s using environmentally sound, halogen-free TerraGreen® series of circuit material solutions, including TerraGreen® 400G, TerraGreen® 400GE, and TerraGreen® 400G2 circuit materials. The circuit materials represent low-loss advancements of the company’s popular TerraGreen® and high-frequency TerraGreen® (RF/MW) halogen-free materials.
All are RoHS-compliant for use with lead-free circuit manufacturing processes and compatible with FR-4 circuit material manufacturing processes for creation of cost-effective, hybrid, multilayer circuits. The three new materials are characterized by glass transition temperature (Tg) of +200°C and decomposition temperature (Td) of +380°C.
Sean Mirshafiei, Isola Group’s Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, notes: “We are very excited to offer the PCB industry our three new products that were created with a unique halogen-free resin system that has outstanding CAF and bond line resistance.” He added: “TerraGreen® 400G2 is our most advanced High Speed Digital product. We use ultra smooth copper foil and ultra low Dk glass fabric that are combined with this novel resin system for optimal performance for the next generation of high-end network and communication systems.”
The three halogen-free circuit materials feature permittivity (Dk) that is stable with temperature from -55 to +125°C and across wide frequency ranges with extremely low loss tangents (Df), enabling designers to produce halogen-free circuits with materials with even less loss than the company’s highly regarded Tachyon® 100G circuit materials (see figure) at 28 GHz.
For example, TerraGreen® 400G exhibits typical Dk of 3.1 at 5, 10, and 20 GHz with typical loss tangent of 0.0018 at the same three evaluation frequencies. TerraGreen® 400GE halogen-free circuit laminates offer higher Dk of 3.4 at 10 and 20 GHz with slightly greater loss, with typical Df of 0.0026 at 10 and 20 GHz. The lowest-loss material of the halogen-free trio, TerraGreen® 400G2, features typical Dk of 3.1 at 5, 10, and 20 GHz with typical Df of 0.0015 at the same three evaluation frequencies.
The halogen-free laminates are available in standard thicknesses of 2 to 18 mil (0.05 to 0.46 mm) with ultra-smooth HVLP and HVLP3 copper foils and choice of 1/3, ½, 1 oz. copper weights (12, 18, and 35 ?m). The laminates feature low moisture absorption and support manufacturing processes with multiple lamination cycles while meeting 94 V-0 requirements. The RoHS-compliant circuit materials are ideal for 5G infrastructure, high-speed data centers, and wired and wireless communications equipment.
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Driving Innovation: Selecting the Right Laser Source
04/28/2026 | Simon Khesin -- Column: Driving InnovationWhen I first joined Schmoll Maschinen, I brought experience from almost every PCB process, except for laser. As I immersed myself in laser processing, I realized why it can seem so daunting to a newcomer. The complexity arises from three intersecting factors: A vast variety of laser sources: CO2, UV-nano, green-pico, UV-pico, IR-pico, and others; a diverse range of applications: Drilling, cutting, ablation, and more; and an extensive list of materials: These have vastly different absorption rates. Choosing the right machine or laser source is rarely trivial. Even for experienced engineers, answering "Which source is best?" requires examining the business's specific goals.
Institute of Circuit Technology Spring Seminar 2026: A Bright Future in Europe
04/23/2026 | Pete Starkey, I-Connect007Through the leafy lanes and spring flowers of Warwickshire and back to Meridan, the traditional centre of England, and now officially part of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in the county of the West Midlands, I attended the Annual General Meeting and Spring Seminar of the Institute of Circuit Technology (ICT) on April 14. Out of the AGM came notable changes in leadership at the top of the Institute: the retirement of Mat Beadel as chair and Emma Hudson as technical director. Effective May 1, Steve Driver is the new chair, and Alun Morgan is the new technical director.
ACCM Unveils Negative and Near-zero CTE Materials for Large-Format AI Chips
04/21/2026 | Advanced Chip and Circuit MaterialsAdvanced Chip and Circuit Materials, Inc. (ACCM) has launched two new materials: Celeritas HM50, with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of -8 ppm/°C to offset the positive CTE and expansion of copper with temperature on circuit boards, and Celeritas HM001, with near-zero CTE and the low-loss performance needed for high-speed signal layers to 224 Gb/s and faster in artificial intelligence (AI) circuits.
Fresh PCB Concepts: Designing PCBs for Harsh Environments—Reliability Is Engineered Upstream
04/23/2026 | Team NCAB -- Column: Fresh PCB ConceptsWhen engineers hear the phrase “harsh environment,” they usually think of the extreme temperature swings, vibration and shock, pressure changes, or radiation in aerospace. However, aerospace is not the only harsh environment where electronic assemblies must survive. Automotive power electronics, downhole oil and gas tools, marine controls, rail systems, defense platforms, and industrial automation equipment all expose PCBs to environments that are equally unforgiving. The stress mechanisms may differ, but the physics does not.
Advanced Packaging for AI: Reliability Starts at the Cu/Cu/Cu Microvia Junction
04/20/2026 | Kuldip Johal, MKS' AtotechThe rapid growth of AI computing, from training clusters to inference at scale, is reshaping demand across the entire electronics supply chain. Advances in technology requirements, such as higher bandwidth, lower latency, and greater compute density, are driving the development of advanced packaging technologies and transforming the PCB industry across design, manufacturing, testing, and even architecture.