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From Silos to Systems: 2026 and Beyond
Welcome to the debut issue of I-Connect007 Magazine. This publication brings all of the pieces together from PCB design and fabrication for a closer alignment and a more integrated electronics manufacturing landscape.
The Automation Advantage
In this issue, we discover how AI, machine learning, and practical factory automation are reshaping PCB fabrication, and where these tools can meaningfully move your business forward.
Thank you, Columnists
This month, we give thanks to our columnists—the brilliant minds who share their expertise, experiences, and passion for the PCB industry. Meet the people behind the pages, learn what drives them, and discover their personal stories.
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Dr. Jennie Hwang to Deliver Two PDCs at IPC APEX EXPO
February 4, 2025 | Dr. Jennie HwangEstimated reading time: 5 minutes
Dr. Jennie Hwang, Chair of the AI Committee of National Academies/DoD AI study, Chair of National AI Institute of NSF, and Committee of Strategic Thinking for Engineering Research in the Era of Artificial Intelligence of NSF, brings broad-based information and insights through an integrated perspective to the AI course. A pioneer and long-standing leader in SMT manufacturing and lead-free implementation brings deep knowledge and broad experiences to the high-reliability electronics course through both hands-on and advisory capacities in commercial as well as military applications. Her comprehensive and discerning knowledge has solved the toughest reliability and production issues for Class 3 and mission-critical and safety-centric electronics. Both courses provide working knowledge and pragmatic perspectives to all concerned about product reliability under harsh environments or interested in acquiring holistic perspectives of the present and future of AI.
Sunday, March 16, 1:30–4:30 p.m.
PD14: “Artificial Intelligence Era-Opportunities, Challenges, Possibilities”
As moving into the Artificial Intelligence (AI) era, the new AI tools and platforms are remaking our daily lives and every aspect of the workplace including design, research, engineering, manufacturing and management across all industries - from semiconductor and printed circuit board design to life sciences and new material design. Even not being an AI technologist, staying in the core knowledge zone is a viable strategy to remain proficient and competitive in the workplace. This course will bring an up-to-date and panoramic overview of AI to spur innovative ideas and inspire new vistas to timely capitalize the sound benefits of AI to maximize on-job efficiency and effectiveness as well as business profitability and productivity. The recent emergence of ChatGPT and Generative AI makes use cases and “possible” future more crucial to the on-job performance. The ability to balance between the AI’s omnipotent power and its downsides is key to leveraging AI as a virtuous tool. Businesses will distinguish themselves by how well they use the tools and how reliable and safe the designed tools can deliver. This course maps out AI landscape including the current and future of AI development/deployment, demystifies prevalent notions, and outlines the prerequisite to win the “AI game.” The key components behind AI technology include machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), Neural Networks (NN), Internet of Things (IoT), digital twins, Large Language Model (LLM), AI prompt engineering, AI with justified confidence/trust, industry use-cases will be highlighted along with tips and recommendations.
Topics:
- Backdrop & diverse perspectives
- Current state of AI – global race, AI chips
- AI – justified confidence/trust
- AI hierarchy – ML, DL, NN, digital twin, IoT & use cases
- Generative AI, ChatGPT-4 (+) – nuggets, tips
- Prompt engineering – techniques, tips, and recommendations
- Enterprise opportunities – examples
- AI on jobs – impact, tips
- Data – quality, management
- Edge AI, private AI
- Global leaders & competitiveness – examples, risk-mitigation
- AGI - Artificial General Intelligence
- Brain, mind à “intelligence”
- Future of AI – near, far
- Concluding remarks
Sunday, March 16, 9 a.m.–12 p.m.
PD7: “High Reliability Electronics for Harsh Environments”
The electronics/microelectronics industry increasingly requires high-reliability products that are capable of consistently delivering reliable performance under harsh environments. This course dissects what it takes to perform in harsh environments and the rationale behind it including the most critical and discerning factors, and offers ten (10) imperatives to ensure product reliability under harsh environments. Key players in PCB assemblies including components, PCB, solder joint, and manufacturing process will be outlined. The causes and prevention of likely product failure categories and failures induced by time, voltage, and external environments, such as intermetallic compounds, electro-migration, creep corrosion, tin whiskers will be highlighted. The backward compatibility of Pb-free BGA solder-ball and solder paste, the heightened impact of solder joint voids, and the relative ranking among new solder alloys including “low-temperature solder” will be summarized. To design and produce reliable products under harsh environments, the course is created to provide a holistic approach to eschew knowns and unknowns of likely failure modes by fusing test data, real-world performance, and scientific, engineering, and manufacturing principles.
Topics
1. Reliability - philosophy, principle, practice, business factors
2. Reliability vs. quality vs. manufacturability
3. PCB assembly reliability – role of solder joint, component, PCB, manufacturing process
4. Reliability strategy – preventing likely failure phenomena and mechanisms
5. Prevent likely failure categories – knowns, unknowns
6. Integrity of PCB – factors, prevention of vulnerable areas, role of surface finish
7. Solder joint reliability – factors, relative fatigue-creep performance ranking of solder alloys
8. Backward compatibility – BGA solder ball and solder paste (lead- and lead-free)
9. Effects of solder mask
10. Effects of manufacturing processes
11. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs)– factors, prevention of “unwanted” IMCs
12. Tin whisker – factors, relative effectiveness of mitigating measures
13. Electro-migration, creep corrosion, dendritic growth – causes, prevention
14. Solder joint voids – effects, criteria, mitigation
15. Cleanliness – how clean is “clean?”
16. Other considerations
17. Reliability tests – methodologies, testing parameters vs. data vs. conclusions
18. System life-prediction modeling requirements – parameters, artificial intelligence-enabled
19. Ten (10) imperatives to ensure reliability
20. Concluding remarks
IPC is broadening its training offerings beyond traditional PCB design to engage a wider audience by covering nontraditional topics. Secure your spot in IPC’s SMT Manufacturing Productivity & Yield - Mitigating Production Defects with Dr. Hwang. For more details and to enroll, visit our course page.
About Dr. Jennie S. Hwang
International Hall of Famer of Women in Technology, Dr. Jennie S. Hwang brings deep knowledge and comprehensive experiences to this course through both hands-on and advisory capacities. She has provided solutions to reportedly the most challenging issues in production yield and high-reliability products, covering commercial and military applications. The author and co-author of ten (10) internationally-used textbooks and 750+ publications; a speaker at innumerable international and national events; on the Board of NYSE Fortune 500 companies and on various civic, government, and university boards and committees (e.g., DoD - Globalization Committee, DoD - Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies Committee, National Materials & Manufacturing Board, Board of Army Science and Technology, and Technical Assessment Board of NIST). She has served as Chair of the Artificial Intelligence Committee of National Academies; Chair of the National Artificial Intelligence Institute of NSF; Committee of Strategic Thinking for Engineering Research in the Era of Artificial Intelligence of NS; Chair of the National Laboratory Assessment Board; Chair of Assessment Board of Army Research Laboratory; Chair of Assessment Board of Army Engineering Centers. Having received numerous honors and awards including International Hall of Fame of Women in Technology, National Academy of Engineering inductee, and named R&D-Stars-to-Watch, her formal education includes Harvard Business School Executive Program and four academic degrees in Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry & Liquid Crystal Science (Ph.D. M.S., M.S., B.S.). She has held various senior executive positions with Lockheed Martin Corp., among others, and CEO of International Electronic Materials Corp. She is also an invited distinguished adj. professor of engineering School of Case Western Reserve University and serves on the University’s Board of Trustees.
Testimonial
"In a year when every marketing dollar mattered, I chose to keep I-Connect007 in our 2025 plan. Their commitment to high-quality, insightful content aligns with Koh Young’s values and helps readers navigate a changing industry. "
Brent Fischthal - Koh YoungSuggested Items
Cadence Introduces Next-Gen Low-Power DRAM with Microsoft RAIDDR ECC for AI Reliability
01/19/2026 | Cadence Design SystemsCadence announced the industry’s first LPDDR5X 9600Mbps memory IP system solution designed specifically for enterprise and data center applications with high reliability.
Where Electronics Manufacturing Turns for Trusted Technical Insight
01/12/2026 | I-Connect007 Editorial TeamIn an industry defined by rapid innovation, increasing system complexity, and mounting pressure to deliver reliable products faster, access to credible technical insight is more important than ever. I-Connect007’s Industry Resource Center was created to serve as a centralized, freely accessible library of in-depth whitepapers that address the challenges facing today’s electronics professionals.
Rethinking Soldering for Energy-efficient PCB Design
12/17/2025 | Daniele Perico, MacDermid Alpha Electronics SolutionsAs automotive OEMs intensify their commitments to carbon neutrality, ranging from Stellantis’ 20381 net-zero target to BYD’s full value chain neutrality by 20452, they are also embracing circularity through material reuse, recycling, and closed-loop systems. This aligns with the sustainability challenges faced in electronics manufacturing, where energy-intensive processes contribute significantly to industrial CO₂ emissions. By integrating advanced materials and process innovations, both sectors are converging on a shared goal: reducing carbon footprints while enhancing reliability and operational efficiency.
Fresh PCB Concepts: Choosing Via Types—A Practical Guide for PCB Engineers
12/18/2025 | Team NCAB -- Column: Fresh PCB ConceptsWhen you first learn PCB routing, vias look like plumbing: holes that let signals pass between layers. As designs become denser and products shrink, vias develop from simple interconnects into deliberate engineering choices. Selecting between through-hole, blind, buried, microvia, or advanced options like skip vias is a balancing act between electrical performance, manufacturability, cost, and long-term reliability. In HDI boards, via strategy is as consequential as the stackup, material selection, or component placement.
Indium Expert to Present on Advancements in Bi-free In-containing Lower-Temperature Solder at ICEE 2025
12/11/2025 | Indium CorporationIndium Corporation’s Senior R&D Manager of the Alloy Group, Hongwen Zhang, Ph.D., will present on the company’s award-winning Durafuse® Technology during the IEEE International Conference on Emerging Electronics (ICEE), December 13–16, in Bengaluru, India.