Annihilating Nanoscale Defects

Estimated reading time: 4 minutes

"Molecules in these metastable states are comfortable, and they can remain in that state for extraordinarily long periods of time," said de Pablo of the University of Chicago's and Argonne's Institute for Molecular Engineering. "In order to escape such states and attain a perfect arrangement, they need to start rearranging themselves in a manner that allows the system to climb over local energy barriers, before reaching a lower energy minimum. What we have done in this work is predict the path these molecules must follow to find defect-free states and designed a process that delivers industry-standard nanocircuitry that can be scaled down to smaller densities without defects."

Using an INCITE grant, de Pablo and his team used the Mira and Fusion supercomputers at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, a DOE Office of Science User Facility. There, the team generated molecular simulations of self-assembling block polymers along with sophisticated sampling algorithms to calculate where barriers to structural rearrangement would arise in the material.

After all the calculations were done, the researchers could precisely predict the pathways of molecular rearrangement that block copolymers must take to move from a metastable to stable state. They could also experiment with temperatures, solvents and applied fields to further manipulate and decrease the barriers between these states.

To test these calculations, de Pablo and Nealey partnered with IMEC, an international consortium located in Belgium. Their commercial-grade fabrication and characterization instruments helped the researchers perform experiments under conditions that are not available in academic laboratories. An individual defect measures only a handful of nanometers; "finding a defect in a 100 square centimeter area is like finding a needle in hay stack, and there are only a few places in the world where one has access to the necessary equipment to do so," says de Pablo.

"Manufacturers have long been exploring the feasibility of using block copolymer assembly to reach the small critical dimensions that are demanded by modern computing and higher data storage densities," de Pablo said. "Their biggest challenge involved evaluating defects; by following the strategies we have outlined, that challenge is greatly diminished."

John Neuffer, president and CEO of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), says industry is relentlessly focused on designing and building chips that are smaller, more powerful and more energy-efficient. "The key to unlocking the next generation of semiconductor innovation is research," he said. "SIA commends the work done by Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago, as well as other critical scientific research being done across the United States."

De Pablo, Nealey and their team will continue their investigations with a wider class of materials, increasing the complexity of patterns and characterizing materials in greater detail while also developing methods based on self-assembly for fabrication of three-dimensional structures.

Their long-term goal, with support from the DOE's Office of Science, is to arrive at an understanding of directed self-assembly of polymeric molecules that will enable creation of wide classes of materials with exquisite control over their nanostructure and functionality for applications in energy harvesting, storage and transport.

About Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation's first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America's scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations,

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