Knocking Down the Bone Pile

September 23, 2026

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Minimizing X-ray Dosage During PCB Inspection

The ability to non-destructively inspect PCB assemblies is extremely important for verifying product quality without compromising the assembly. X-ray inspection provides a non-destructive method for examining optically hidden features that cannot be evaluated using automated optical inspection (AOI) or microscopic inspection. This makes it particularly valuable for verifying solder joint interconnections beneath BGAs, chip-scale packages (CSPs), and other bottom-terminated components.

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August 31, 2026

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Hot Air vs. Infrared PCB Rework

Component rework is the controlled process of removing, replacing, repositioning, or repairing electronic components on an assembled PCB. Rework may be required because of component defects, incorrect placement, soldering defects, engineering changes, or damage identified during inspection or testing. A successful rework process uses controlled heating, soldering, cleaning, handling, and inspection techniques to restore the assembly while minimizing thermal and mechanical stress to the PCB and surrounding components.

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August 07, 2026

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: X-ray Inspection of Ball Grid Array Solder Joints

Ball grid array (BGA) devices are ubiquitous in electronic products primarily due to their advantages, including compact packaging, greater durability than leaded devices, and improved performance from shorter signal paths. BGAs improve electrical performance by reducing inductance and capacitance between the internal silicon die and the PCB, resulting in superior signal integrity and faster operation speeds. BGAs also offer superior thermal performance by dissipating heat more effectively, reducing the risk of overheating.

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June 23, 2026

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: The Business Case for Component Reclamation

Electronic waste is increasing globally at an alarming rate. By 2030, it is estimated that the world will generate approximately 82 million tons of electronic waste per year. Rapid technological advances, shorter product lifecycles, and supply chain disruptions often lead manufacturers to build bloated inventories of electronic products. Unfortunately, some of this inventory ends up as electronic waste when components become obsolete or surplus to forecasted requirements, including high-value devices.

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May 13, 2026

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Precision Milling of Underfilled SMT Components

Underfill is a polymeric material used to fill the gap between a printed circuit board and the underside of surface-mount area-array packages such as BGA, QFP, and QFN devices, thereby surrounding and protecting the solder interconnections. This material increases the component's reliability when subjected to mechanical impacts and shocks by distributing forces. 

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November 26, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Solderability Test Methods, Myths, and Realities

Solderability testing answers a simple question: How readily will a termination form a sound solder joint under defined conditions? It is not component preconditioning. Rather, it evaluates wetting—the speed and extent to which molten solder spreads and adheres to a surface—using controlled methods (e.g., visual “dip-and-look” or wetting-balance measurements). Results reflect the combined effects of termination finish, storage and handling, flux activity, and the solder alloy in use.

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October 14, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Revamp Your Components with BGA Reballing

Ball grid array (BGA) components evolved from pin grid array (PGA) devices, carrying over many of the same electrical benefits while introducing a more compact and efficient interconnect format. Instead of discrete leads, BGAs rely on solder balls on the underside of the package to connect to the PCB. In some advanced designs, solder balls are on both the PCB and the BGA package. In stacked configurations, such as package-on-package (PoP), these solder balls also interconnect multiple packages, enabling higher functionality in a smaller footprint.

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September 17, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Best Practices for Electronic Component Salvaging

Electronic component salvaging is the practice of recovering high-value devices from PCBs taken from obsolete or superseded electronic products. These components can be reused in new assemblies, reducing dependence on newly purchased parts that may be costly or subject to long lead times.

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July 16, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Addressing End-of-life Component Solderability Issues, Part 4

In 1983, the Department of Defense identified that over 40% of military electronic system failures in the field were electrical, with approximately 50% attributed to poor solder connections. Investigations revealed that plated finishes, typically nickel or tin, were porous and non-intermetallic.

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June 25, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Tin Whisker Mitigation in Aerospace Applications, Part 3

Tin whiskers are slender, hair-like metallic growths that can develop on the surface of tin-plated electronic components. Typically measuring a few micrometers in diameter and growing several millimeters in length, they form through an electrochemical process influenced by environmental factors such as temperature variations, mechanical or compressive stress, and the aging of solder alloys.

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May 07, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Gold Mitigation for Class 2 Electronics

In electronic assemblies, the integrity of connections between components is paramount for ensuring reliability and performance. Gold embrittlement and dissolution are two critical phenomena that can compromise this integrity. Gold embrittlement occurs when gold diffuses into solder joints or alloys, resulting in mechanical brittleness and an increased susceptibility to cracking. Conversely, gold dissolution involves the melting away of gold into solder or metal matrices, potentially altering the electrical and mechanical properties of the joint.

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April 02, 2025

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Basics of Component Lead Tinning

The component lead tinning process serves several critical functions, including removing gold plating, mitigation of tin whiskers, reconditioning of component solderability issues, and alloy conversion from lead-free (Pb-free) to tin-lead or from tin-lead to lead-free for RoHS compliance. We will cover each of these topics in more detail in upcoming columns.

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April 28, 2023

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Package on Package Rework—Skill Required

Package-on-package (PoP) is an electronic component-stacked package type consisting of vertically stacked ball grid arrays most commonly in a two-high stack. The package closest to the board is the logic/CPU component and is more commonly known as the “bottom” package. The “top” package sits on top of this module and is the memory module. These packages are generally found in consumer electronics (mobile devices) such as smartphones, tablets, and netbooks. These packages tend to be high IO count, fine pitch, very thin packages.

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March 01, 2023

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: 2023’s Top Challenges in BGA Rework

Over seven years ago, I put pen to paper to enumerate the top challenges needing to be overcome for a successful BGA rework. With the continued advancement of BGA technology, it’s time to apply a fresh coat of paint to that list. Read on to find out my revised take on today’s top BGA rework challenges. As devices become more complex and computing power requirements increase, the maximum physical size of BGA packages has increased as well. Currently, some devices in development are planned to be 125 mm x 125 mm in size. These large package sizes present some very challenging scenarios for rework process technicians.

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December 07, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Eliminating Solder Balls in Hand Soldering

While solder balls can be produced during both SMT reflow and wave soldering, PCB hand soldering during touch up or rework can also result in solder ball formation. When moisture or other impurities entrapped in or on the surface of the PCB or component outgas during the hand soldering process, solder balls form. Baking out or cleaning the PCB or the component and comparing the results can help determine if this is the case. Soldering irons used to reflow solder paste during rework may also heat the paste too quickly and prevent the flux from fully activating, which causes the solder to oxidize and form solder balls.

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September 28, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Opening a Trace on the Surface of a PCB

Because of PCB layout problems or required circuit modifications, at times a trace on the surface of a PCB needs to be severed. In this procedure a small section of the trace is removed, thereby forming a “break” in the circuit. In general practice, the length of this trace cut is as least as wide as the minimum conductor spacing. In most cases, a very sharp-edged knife or high-speed mill will make the cut. After cutting the areas is tested and then sealed with epoxy.

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August 16, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Soldering for QFPs and Other Gull Wing Leaded Parts

There are multiple methods for hand soldering QFPs as outlined in the IPC 7711.21 Rework and Repair of Printed Circuit Assemblies process guidelines document. QFPs have several challenges related to their hand soldering especially when the component has a high lead count. While these are a head-spinning number of techniques, this discussion will concentrate on some of the more widely used techniques: drag, and point-to-point soldering as well as the adhesive-backed stencil technique.

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May 18, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Reworking of SMT Connectors with Center Ground Connection

Connectors such as those pictured in Figure 1 are challenging to rework as they generally have a high density, tight spacing of connector pins as well as a ground connection running through the center of the body of the part. The generic term for these types of connectors are surface mount center ground connectors. These surface mount connectors are designed for parallel board-to-board, flex-to-board, and cable-to-board configurations, and are generally compatible with both infrared and forced air convection rework heating methods. Specifically, a popular type of this connector configuration is a mezzanine connector which connects two parallel printed circuit boards in a stacking configuration.

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March 08, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Solder Mask Repair Techniques for PCB Repair

One of the most common physical repairs (restoring functional capability of a defective PCB while not complying to meet original specifications) on a PCB is the repair of solder mask. Solder masks’ purpose is to prevent solder from flowing from one point to another during the original assembly process. Damage to solder mask can be aesthetic or functional in nature such as the case when the mask preventing solder from flowing down the “dog bone” of a BGA causes the BGA ball solder joint to be “starved” thereby causing a defect.

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January 05, 2022

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Humidification for ESD Control in PCB Rework/Repair

The amount of charge generated in an electronics rework and repair area is affected by a variety of factors including but not limited to the materials used, the amount of frictional interaction between materials as well as the relative humidity of the environment. During the cold winter months in northern climates when the heating systems dry out the plant air and the relative humidity falls, higher electrostatic charges develop all other things being equal. Lower humidity can increase the number of ESD events so theoretically it stands to reasons that keeping the rework area at higher humidity levels will reduce the chances for charged-induced damage to components.

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November 17, 2021

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Methods for Underfilled Component Rework

Products such as engine control modules, drones, smartphones, and other handheld communication devices, which are designed for high reliability and require high processing power, often have a BGA or CSP package as the processor. Underfill has been a solution at the package level protecting these devices from the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the device and PCB or between the die and the component substrate for flip chip packages. Stress caused by CTE mismatch redistributes the stress from the bottom of the solder spheres to the entire component.

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September 08, 2021

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: X-ray Imaging and BGA Rework

X-ray imaging prior to the removal of a BGA for rework will help the rework technician point out potential issues which may be challenges to successfully removing and replacing the BGA.

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July 26, 2021

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Cleaning of ‘No Clean’ Fluxes in PCB Rework

The original intention of a “no clean” solder was to eliminate the post PCB assembly cleaning process while still not risking any performance or long-term reliability degradation. Some industry surveys indicate that about one-half of assemblers using no clean flux chemistries clean the PCB after assembly.

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May 10, 2021

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Solder Excavation and Rework

In order to properly perform rework—the removal and replacement of a component on a PCB—the remnant solder needs to be properly removed after the component has been desoldered and removed. Bob Wettermann breaks down the methods.

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March 04, 2021

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Salvaging Components for Other Uses

Electronic components and their availability (or rather their lack of) have been in the news recently. Automotive suppliers are struggling with their supply chain as electric vehicle production, and the associated consumption of electronic components continues to expand.

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January 10, 2021

Knocking Down the Bonepile: Fixing Vertical Hole Fill in Plated Holes

For PCBs with larger thermal mass—such as found in high layer count boards or boards with higher weight copper layers—proper and consistent hole fill can be a challenge. It is critical to make sure that these non-visible defects do not become quality escapes while also making sure the proper rework techniques are applied; to get these plated holes properly filled is important.

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November 02, 2020

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: 5 Habits to Make Your Soldering Iron Tips Last Longer

Poorly maintained soldering iron tips have real costs associated with their lack of care. To maintain the integrity of the soldering joints and prevent the tips from becoming a runaway consumable expense, Bob Wettermann shares several areas of tip care that can prolong their life.

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September 07, 2020

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: PCB Rework of 0201 Packages

As electronic passive components continue to shrink in size, methods for their rework need to be developed by electronic manufacturers to maintain and support PCB assembly processes. Bob Wettermann compares and outlines a few of these rework methods.

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July 27, 2020

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Removing Conformal Coatings for PCB Rework

When the removal and replacement of components due to field failures or manufacturing defects needs to occur, the overlaying conformal coating layer first must be removed before being able to remove and replace a component. Bob Wettermann explains.

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May 04, 2020

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Getting to the Root Cause of BGA Assembly Problems

When potential process defects begin showing up underneath BGAs in electronic assemblies, there are numerous failure analysis tests that can be used to troubleshoot process problems. These investigative methods begin with non-destructive test methods and progress to destructive methods as some of the possible root causes are eliminated.

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January 02, 2020

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Underfill Rework and Solder ‘Squirt Out’

One of the toughest rework challenges is removing and replacing components on PCBs with underfilled components. Many times, underfill is used to provide a shock barrier to component solder joints of handheld electronics, such as notebooks, tablets, and phones. This underfill is added post-test in the assembly process and is dispensed underneath components, such as BGAs, QFNs, and LGAs.

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December 17, 2019

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Electronics Assembly Industry Outlook

Geographically, our products go directly into the market around the world, our rework and repair services are a harbinger of the EMS build market, and our training services are hyper-focused in the Midwest of the United States. Therefore, we see much of the activity in the global electronics supply chain. There are numerous PCB rework/repair challenges being faced by North American customers. One trend has to do with increasing package sizes, which are being driven by the market desires. In the past five years alone, the state-of-the-art semiconductor package has gone from approximately 10 to 30 billion transistors on a single package.

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October 09, 2019

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Process Methods for Reworking High Lead Count SMT Parts

There are numerous methods for getting the solder onto the right pads in the right volume during SMT rework of high pin count or very small footprint SMT devices. The most common types of solder deposition include printing, dispensing, and hand soldering. Each of these methods has pros and cons, depending on a variety of factors in the rework process.

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July 10, 2019

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: BGA and PCB Warpage—What to Do

Warpage of BGA packages or PCBs can occur when any heating and subsequent cooling cycle is gone through. This may leave the package to bow in the middle. Pushing the corners up or downward will show up in bridging (caught on X-ray) or cause opens that would show up on endoscopic or visual inspection. Here's what you need to do.

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May 22, 2019

Knocking Down the Bone Pile: Straightening Out Those Corners

A PCB can be dropped, dinged, or mishandled as it is placed into a board carrier in the PCB assembly operations area. When the laminated material is damaged in this manner, can it be repaired? The answer, like most engineering answers, is that it depends. Read on.

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March 21, 2019

Inspection of BGAs After Rework

After removing and replacing a ball grid array (BGA), the acceptability of the interconnection of the solder balls to the PCB should be assured, because this assurance and the criteria for that assurance are the customer’s outgoing inspection criteria.

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January 09, 2019

How Much is Too Much?

One of the typical questions process engineers pose regarding the PCB rework process is, "How many heat cycles are too much?" Asked in another way, the question is, "How would one define a limit on the number of times a PCB can be reworked while still being reasonably assured that the reliability has not been impacted based on its operational environment?" Find out how.

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November 21, 2018

Proper Thermal Shielding Yields Highest Rework Results

There are numerous "gotchas" if the rework technician does not care for components and materials neighboring the component rework area. However, careful planning, shielding, and sometimes removing a neighboring device or material will ensure the highest possible rework yield.

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September 21, 2018

Filling the Gap: Underfill Rework

Rework technicians must take into account a variety of factors when considering whether or not to rework underfilled components, such as BGAs, CSPs, flip chips, and other component packages on handheld devices. But without a full understanding of the underfill characteristics, expect the outcome to be low yields unless the board was designed with reworkability in mind.

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July 30, 2018

Replating of Gold Fingers: Getting the Shine Back

There are several instances where the gold contacts on PCBs need to be replated, and IPC A-610 discusses several of these cases. This column by Bob Wettermann discusses gold replating of defective contacts caused by processes such as wave or selective soldering, or plating.

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June 11, 2018

Masking of Conformal Coating During Assembly and Rework

Masking of printed circuit boards post rework/repair as well as for initial PCB assembly is often required if the PCB is to be conformal coated. If a board that has conformal coating on it needs to be reworked or repaired, the conformal coating needs to first be removed before the operation of rework or repair can take place. This article centers around the various options for conformal coating masking via a liquid application process.

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April 20, 2018

Device 'Dead Bugging'

"Dead bug" attachment of electronic components is a way of building functioning electronic circuits by soldering the parts directly together or by soldering miniature jumper wires between the component leads and the PCB lands instead of the traditional surface mount or through-hole soldering of components onto a PCB.

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January 08, 2018

PCB Pad Repair Techniques

There are a variety of reasons behind pads getting "lifted" completely or partially from the laminate of a PCB. Per the just revised IPC-A-610 Revision G, a defect for all three classes occurs when the land is lifted up one or more pad thicknesses. Lifted pads can occur when a device has been improperly removed or there is a manufacturing defect in the board construction. In any case, as with any repair, the ultimate decision on the ability to repair the pad lies with the customer.

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